The first thing I learned about negotiating between rival gangs is that the old rules don't work. The only way to stop those wars was to change the process, and create a community.Inventive Negotiation demonstrates exactly how it's done, no matter who or what is in conflict. Reading these stories can change the way you work with others. It might even change the world.

Father Gregory Boyle
– CEO Homeboy Enterprises, author of Tattoos on the Heart

86 Ways to Generate More Ideas

(The Science Behind the Chaos)

Get physical :

1. Go offsite to a neutral environment (Wellner, 2003).

Wellner, Alison Stein (2003). A Perfect Brainstorm. Inc., October 2003, Vol. 25, Issue 10, p. 31.

2. Paint the room blue (Mehta & Rui, 2009)

Mehta, Ravi and Rui (Juliet) Zhu (2009),Blue or Red? Exploring the Effect of Color on Cognitive Task Performances, Science, Published Online February 5, 2009, In print, 28 February, Vol. 323, No. 5918, pp. 1226-1229

3. Stretch the visual space with a high ceiling. (Meyers-Levy & Zhu, 2007)

Meyers-Levi, Joan & Zhu, Rui (Juliet)(2007). The Influence of Ceiling Height: The Effect of Priming on the Type of Processing That People Use, Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 34, August, 2007.

4. Stock the room with toys and tools (Kelley, 2005)

Kelley, Tom (2005). The Ten Faces of Innovation: Ideo’s Strategies for Beating the Devil’s Advocate & Driving Creativity throughout Your Organization. New York, N.Y.: Doubleday.

5. Even make it a little messy (Vohs, 2013)

Vohs, Kathleen D., Redden, Joseph P. & Rahinel, Ryan (2013). Physical Order Produces Healthy Choices, Generosity and Conventionality, Whereas Disorder Produces Creativity. Psychological Science, August 1, 2013.

6. Keep the room warm (Bargh & Shalev, 2012)

Bargh, John A., Shalev, Idit (2012). The Substitutability of Physical and Social Warmth in Daily Life. Emotion, Vol. 12 (1), February 2012, pps 154-162.

7. Make sure there are scenic views. (Kellert & Wilson,1995).

Kellert, Stephen & Wilson, Edward (1995). The Biophilia Hypothesis. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.

8. Add plants and flowers (Etcoff, 2006) (Shibata & Suzuki, 2004) (Ulrich, 2003)

Etcoff, Nancy (2006). 21st Century Well Being, Commitment and Productivity. (Study, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital) Fall/Winter 2006.

Shibata, Seiji & Suzuki, Naoto (2004). Effects of an indoor plant on creative task performance and mood, Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 2004, Vol. 45, pp. 373-381.

Ulrich, Roger (2003). The Impact of Flowers and Plants on Workplace Productivity. (Study, Texas A&M University, the Center for Health Systems and Design.Spring/Summer 2003).

9. Hang some modern art (Friedman & Forster, 2005)

Friedman, Ronald S. & Forster, Jens (2005). Effects of Motivational Cues on Perceptual Asymmetry: Implications for Creativity and Analytical Problem Solving. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 88 (2), Feb 2005. pp. 263-275.

10. Infuse a lavender scent (Degel & Koster, 1999).

Degel, J. & Koster, E. E. (1999). Odors: implicit memory and performance effects. Chemical Senses, Vol. 24, pgs 317-325.

11. Turn on a lightbulb. Not a fluorescent. (Slepian, et al, 2010)

Slepian, M.L., Weisbuch, M.,Rutchick, A.M., Newman, L.S., and Ambady, N. (2010). Shedding Light on Insight: Priming Bright Ideas. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46, 696-700.

12. Get people in close physical proximity (Pierer & Oetinger, 2002) (Segal, 1974)

Pierer, Heirich v. & Oetinger, Bolko v. (2002) A Passion for Ideas: How Innovators Create the New and Shape Our World. West Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue University Press.

Segal, Mady Wechsler (1974). Alphabet and Attraction: An Unobtrusive Measure of the Effect of Propinquity in a Field Setting. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 30 (1974), pgs 654-57.

13. Encourage them to lie down and lounge around (Lipnicki & Byrne, 2005)

Lipnicki, Darren M. & Don G. Byrne (2005). Thinking on Your Back: Solving anagrams faster when supine than when standing. Cognitive Brain Research, Vol. 24, Issue 3, August 2005, pp. 719-722.

14. Arrange soft chairs and sofas (Ackerman, 2010)

Ackerman, Joshua M., Nocera, Christopher C., and Bargh, John A. (2010). Incidental Haptic Sensations Influence Social Judgments and Decisions, Science, Vol. 328, no 5986, pp 1712-1715, 25 June, 2010.

15. Make it just about as noisy as a coffee shop (Mehta, Zhu & Cheema, 2012)

Mehta, Ravi, Zhu, Rui (Juliet), & Cheema, Amar ( 2012). Is Noise Always Bad? Exploring the Effect of Ambient Noise on Creative Cognition. Journal of Consumer Research, December, 2012

16. Build group identity by assigning colors to teams (Krantz, Kunreuther & Weber, 2008)

Krantz, David H., Kunreuther, Howard & Weber, Elke (2008). Group Identity, Context and Social Goals. Center for Research on Environmental Decisions. Cited in Why isn’t the Brain Green? New York Times Magazine , pp 36-43, April 19, 2009

17. Make sure teams touch (Carey, 2010).

Carey, Benedict (2010). Evidence that little touches do mean so much. New York Times, February 23, 2010, pg. D5

18. Add physical movement (Blattner, 2002) (Wenner, 2009).

Blattner, Adam (2003). Using creativity to explore in psychotherapy. Psychiatric Times, June 1, 2003.

Wenner, Melinda (2009). The Serious Need for Play. Scientific American Mind, March/April, 2009, pp 21-29.

19. And sing or dance together (Chartran & Bargh, 1999). (Wiltermuth & Heath, 2009

Chartran, Tanya L. & Bargh, John A. (1999). The Chameleon Effect: The Perception-Behavior Link and Social Interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Vol. 76, No. 6, 893-910, 1999.

Wiltermuth, S.S. & Heath, C. (2009). Synchrony and Cooperation, Psychological Science, Vol. 20- pp 1-5.

20. Ask them to create something with their hands (Wenner, 2009)

Wenner, Melinda (2009). The Serious Need for Play. Scientific American Mind, March/April, 2009, pp 21-29.

21.Or show ideas with their hands (Goldin-Meadow, 2010)

Goldin-Meadow, Susan (2010). Hands in the Air: Gestures reveal subconscious knowledge and cement new ideas, Scientific American Mind, pp 48-55, September/October 2010.

22. Or just squeeze balls with their left hands (Goldstein, et al., 2010)

Goldstein, Abraham, Revivo, Ketty, Kreitler, Michal & Metuki, Nili (2010). Unilateral Muscle Contractions Enhance Creative Thinking, Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, Vol. 17, No. 6, pp 895-899, 2010.

23. Feed them candy to make them happy (Isen, 2001)

Isen, Alice M. (2001). An Influence of Positive Affect on Decision Making in Complex Situations: Theoretical Issues with Practical Implications. Journal of Consumer Psychology, Vol. 11, No. 2 pp 75-85 (2001).

24. Or better yet, a beer or two (Colflesh & Wiley, 2013)

Colflesh, Gregory J.H. & Wiley, Jennifer (2013). Drunk but not blind: the effects of alcohol intoxication on change blindness, Consciousness and Cognition, Vol. 22 (2013), pp 231-236.

25. Take a walk in the park to refresh (Berman, Jonides & Kaplan, 2008) and walk in step (Wiltermuth & Heath, 2009)

Berman, Marc G., Jonides, John & Kaplan, Stephen (2008). The Cognitive Benefits of Interacting with Nature. Psychological Science, Vol. 19, No. 12, pp 1207-1212, 2008.

Wiltermuth, S.S. & Heath, C. (2009). Synchrony and Cooperation, Psychological Science, Vol. 20, pgs 1-5.

Get the right people in the room:

1. Reduce the size of the group—at least five but no more than 12 (Bishop, 2005) (Manning, 1998)

Bishop, Kal (2005). Beyond Brainstorming: Large Groups. Retrieved April 1, 2005 from http://www.ezinearticles.com.

Manning, Rena (1998). Idea generation in brainstorming and turn-taking groups: Differences in idea quantity, quality, and task perceptions. (Doctoral dissertation, Texas Tech University, 1998). Digital Dissertations, DAI-B 59/07, p. 3774, January 1999.

2. Add more women (Burns, 1983) (Woolley, et al. 2010)

Burns, Melba (1983). A comparison of three creative problem-solving methodologies (brainstorming, personal analogy, forced relationship). (Doctoral dissertation, University of Denver, 1983). Digital Dissertations, DAI-A 45/02, P. 341, August 1984.

Woolley, Anita, Chabris, Christopher, Pentland, Alex, Hashni, Nada & Malone, Thomas W. (2010). Evidence for a Collective Intelligence Factor in the Performance of Human Groups, Science, Vol. 330, No. 6004, pp696-688, October 29, 2010.

3. Add more extroverts (Bolin, 2002)

Bolin, Aaron (2002). The relationships among personality, process and performance in interactive brainstorming groups. (Doctoral dissertation, Northern Illinois University, 2002). Digital Dissertations, DAI-B 63/06, p. 3063, December 2002.

4. Add older people (Strauch, 2010)

Strauch, Barbara (2010). The Secret Life of the Grown-Up Brain: The Surprising Talents of the Middle-Aged Mind. New York, New York: Viking Press.

5. Add people with diverse personality profiles (Kolkena, 1995)

Kolkena, Margaret (1995). Remembering to Jump: Innovation in comedy improvisation teams and business process reengineering teams. (Masters thesis, Pepperdine University, MSOD, 1995).

6. Add people with diverse experience (Hong & Page, 2004) (Kidder, 1981) (Maddux & Galinsky, 2009)

Hong, Lu & Page, Scott E. (2004). Groups of diverse problem solvers can outperform groups of high ability problem solvers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, September 17, 2004. www.pnas.org/content/101/46/16385.abstract

Kidder, Tracy (1981). The Soul of a New Machine. New York, NY: Little Brown and Company.

Maddux, William W. & Galinshy, Adam D. (2009). Cultural Borders and Mental Barriers: The Relationship Between Living Abroad and Creativity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2009, Vol. 6, No. 5, 1047-1061.

7. Add cultural diversity (Watson, Kuman & Michaelson, 1993) (Leung, et al., 2008) (Woolley, 2010)

Watson, Warren E., Kumar, Kamalesh, & Michaelson, Larry K. (1993). Cultural Diversity’s Impact on Interaction Process and Performance: Comparing Homogeneous and Diverse Task Groups, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 6, No. 3, pp 590-602.

Leung, Angela Ka-yee, Maddux, William W., Galinshy, Adam D. & Chiu, Chi-yue (2008). Multicultural Experience Enhances Creativity: The When and How. American Psychologist, April 2009, Vol. 63, No 3, pp 169-181.

8. Add experts (Gladwell, 2005)

Gladwell, Malcolm (2005). Blink: the Power of Thinking without Thinking. New York, NY: Little Brown and Company.

9. Add non-experts (Wiley, 1998)

Wiley, Katherine (1998). Expertise as mental set: The effects of domain knowledge in creative problem solving. Memory & Cognition 1998, Vol. 26 (4) 716-730.

10. Add people with wide social networks (Ruef, 2002)

Ruef, Martin (2002). Strong Ties, Weak Ties and Islands: Structural and cultural predictors of organizational innovation, Industrial and Corporate Change, Vol. 11, No. 3, pp 427-449, 2002.

11. Add creative consultants such as painters, musicians, writers or poets (Pinard & Allio, 2005)

Pinard, Mary C. & Allio, Robert J. (2005). Innovations in the classroom: Improving the Creativity of MBA students, Strategy & Leadership, Vol. 33, No. 1, pp 49-51.

12. Throw in a handful of narcissists (Goncalo, et al., 2010)

Goncalo, Jack A., Flynn, Francis J. & Kim, Sharon, H. (2010). Are Two Narcissists Better Than One? The link between narcissism, perceived creativity and creative performance, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Vol. 36, No. 11, pp 1484-1495, November, 2010)

13. Change group members for each exercise (Nemeth & Ormiston, 2006) (Choi & Thompson, 2005)

Nemeth, Charlan Jeanne & Omiston, Margaret (2006). Creative idea generation: harmony versus stimulation. European Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 37, Issue 3, pp 524-535.

Choi, Hoon-Seok & Thompson, Leigh (2005). Old wine in a new bottle: Impact of membership change on group creativity. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Vol. 98, Issue 2, November 2005, pp 121-132.

Time matters:

1. Set real deadlines (Amabile, 1999).

Amabile, Theresa (1998). How to Kill Creativity. Harvard Business Review, September, October, 1998, pps 76-87.

2. Hold the session in the evening (Burns, 1983)

Burns, Melba (1983). A comparison of three creative problem-solving methodologies (brainstorming, personal analogy, forced relationship). (Doctoral dissertation, University of Denver, 1983). Digital Dissertations, DAI-A 45/02, P. 341, August 1984.

3. Reduce the brainstorming time to five minutes (Diehl and Stroebe, 1991) or less (Pronin & Jacobs, 2008)

Diehl, Michael & Stroebe, Wolfgang (1991). Productivity Loss in Idea Generating Groups. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, September 91, Vol. 61, Issue 3, p. 392.

Pronin, Emily & Jacobs, Elana (2008). Thought speed, mood, and the experience of mental motion. Perspectives on Psychological Science, Vol. 3, No. 6, pp 461-486.

4. Let people take a nap (Cai, et al., 2009), or sleep on the problem (Wagner, Ullrich, et al, 2003) (Ellenbogen, et al., 2007) (Wamsley, Tucker et al, 2010)

Cai, Denise J., Mednick, Sarnoff A., Harrison, Elizabeth M., Kanady, Jennifer C. and Mednick, Sara C. (2009). REM, not incubation, improves creativity by priming associative networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. http://www.pnas.org/content/106/25/10130.abstract.

Wagner, Ullrich, Gais, Steffen, Haider, Hilda, Verleger, Rolf, & Bern, Jan (2003). Sleep inspires insight. Nature 427, pp352-355, 22 January 2004.

Ellenbogen, Jeffrey M., Hu, Peter T., Payne, Jessica, Titone, Debra, & Walker, Matthew (2007). Human Relational Memory Requires Time and Sleep, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 104, No. 18, pp 7723-7728, May 1, 2007.

Wamsley, Erin J., Tucker, Matthew, Payne, Jessica, Benavides, Joseph A., Stickgold, Robert (2010). Dreaming of a Learning Task is Associated with Enhanced Sleep-Dependent Memory Consolidation, Current Biology, Vol 20, No. 9, pp 850-855, May, 2010.

Teach them well:

1. Teach people how to brainstorm (Fellers, 1989), (Collado, 1991)(Liatsos, 1986) (Lynch, 2004) (Levine, 1996) (Burns, 1983

Fellers, Jack (1989). The effect of group size and computer support on group idea generation for creativity tasks: An experimental evaluation using a repeated measures design. (Doctoral dissertation, Indiana University, 1989). Digital Dissertations, DAI-A 50/12, p. 4011, June 1990.

2. Train people longer in the techniques, for fifteen minutes (Blomstrom, 2000).

Blomstrom, Sally (2000). The Effects of Training on Brainstorming (Doctoral dissertation, Michigan State University, 2000). Digital Dissertations, DAI-A 61/05, p. 1679, November 2000.

3. Use well-trained facilitators, (Oxley, Dzindolet, 1996) (Kramer, Fleming & Mannis, 2001)

Oxley, Nicole & Dzindolet, Mary (1996). The Effects of Facilitators on the Performance of Brainstorming Groups, Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, December 1996, Vol. 11, Issue 4.

Kramer, Thomas, Fleming, Gerard & Mannis, Scott (2001). Improving Face-to-Face Brainstorming through Modeling and Facilitation. Small Group Research, October 2001, Vol. 32, Issue 5, p. 533.

4. Give them background information, (Aurum, 1997)

Aurum, Aybuke (1997). Solo brainstorming: Behavioral analysis of decision makers. (Doctoral dissertation, University of New South Wales, 1997). Digital Dissertations, DAI-B, 58/10 p. 5476, April 1998.

5. Jumpstart them with ideas from a previous group (Singh, 2000)

Singh, Pavan (2000). An empirical study of the idea generation productivity of decision-making groups: Implications for GDSS research, design and practice. (Doctoral dissertation, York University, 2000). Digital Dissertations, DAI-A 61/12 p. 4636, June 2001.

6. Play a tape of others working on the same problem (Legett, 1997) (Roland, 1997) (Dossett, 1995)

Legett, Karen (1997). The effectiveness of categorical priming in brainstorming. (Masters thesis, University of Texas at Arlington, 1997). Digital Dissertations, MAI 36/04, p.1187, August 1998.

Roland, Evelyn (1997). The effects of stimulation and distraction in brainstorming. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Texas at Arlington, 1997). Digital Dissertations, MAI 36/04, p.1187, August, 1998.

Dossett, Pauline (1995). Some effects of distraction, matching and cognitive stimulation on individual brainstorming. (Masters thesis, University of Texas at Arlington, 1995). Digital Dissertations, MAI 34/04, p. 1697, August 1996.

7. Tell participants that you expect more ideas and set performance standards (Paulus & Dzindolet, 1993) (Putman, 2001).

Paulus, P.B., Dzindolet, M.T. (1993) Social Influence Processes in Group Brainstorming, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 575-86.

Putman, Vicky (2001). Effects of additional rules and dominance on brainstorming and decision making. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Texas at Arlington, 2001). Digital Dissertations, DAI-B 62/12 p.6026, June 2002.

Rules of Engagement:

1. Open with a personal element (Nation’s Business, 1995) (Mehl et al, 2010).

How to make the most of brainstorming sessions. Nation’s Business , April 1995, Vol. 83, Issue 4.

Mehl, Matthias R., Vazire, Simine, Holleran, Shannon E & Clark, C. Shelby (2010). Eavesdropping on Happiness: Well Being is Related to Having Less Small Talk and More Substantive Conversations. Psychological Science, February 18, 2010.

2. Help them get to know each other (Ybarra, 2011)

Ybarra, Oscar, Winkielman, Piotr, Yeh, Irene, Bumstein, Eugene, Kavanagh (2011). Friends (And Sometimes Enemies) With Cognitive Benefits: What types of social interactions boost executive functioning? Social Psychological and Personality Science, Vol 2, No. 3, pp 253-261, May, 2011.

3. Add two new rules to the four standard Osborne rules:Relax, Play, Have Fun and Silence is OK (Creative Education Foundation SUNY Buffalo, 2005) (Putman, 1998)

Creative Education Foundation at SUNY Buffalo (2005). Brainstorming. Retrieved April 1, 2005, from http://www.rider.edu/suler/brainstorm.html.

4. Relax, Play, Have Fun and Silence is OK (Creative Education Foundation SUNY Buffalo, 2005) (Putman, 1998)

Putman, Vicky (1998). Effects of facilitator training and extended rules of group brainstorming. (Masters thesis, University of Texas at Arlington, 1998). Digital Dissertations, MAI 36/06, p. 1694, December 1998.

5. Add humor (Oech, 1998) (Hunt, 1994) (Kolkena, 1995) (DeBono, 1992) (Labroo & Patrick, 2009) (Carter, 2010).

Oech, Roger von (1998). A Whack on the Side of the Head: How You Can Be More Creative. New York, N.Y.: Warner Books.

Hunt, Floyd (1994). Better Brainstorming. Training & Development, November 1994, Vol. 48, Issue 11.

Kolkena, Margaret (1995). Remembering to Jump: Innovation in comedy improvisation teams and business process reengineering teams. (Masters thesis, Pepperdine University, MSOD, 1995).

DeBono, Edward (1992). Serious Creativity: Using the Power of Lateral Thinking to Create New Ideas. New York, NY: Harper Business.

Labroo, Aparna A. & Patrick, Vanessa M. (2009). Psychological Distancing: Why Happiness Helps You See the Big Picture. Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 35, February, 2009.

N/A

6. Add music and art (Barker, 2002)

Barker, Robert (2002), The Art of Brainstorming. Business Week, August 9, 2002, Issue 3796, p. 168.

7. Remind them of their own loving relationships (Luke, Sedikides and Carnelley, 2012).

Luke, Michelle Anne, Sedikides, Constantine, & Carnelley, Kathy (2012). Your Love Lifts Me Higher: The Energizing Quality of Secure Relationships. Society for Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Vol. 38:721, May 11, 2012.

8. Direct them to think like a kid (Zabelina & Robinson, 2010)

Zabelina, Darya L. & Robinson, Michael D. (2010). Child’s Play: Facilitating the Originality of Creative Output by a Priming Manipulation, Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity and the Arts, Vol. 4, pp 57-65, February 2010.

9. Ask them to question their ability to create (Senay, 2010)

Senay, Ibrahim, Albarracin, Dolores & Noguchi, Kenji (2010). Motivating Goal-Directed Behavior Through Introspective Self-Talk: The Role of the Interrogative Form of Simple Future Tense, Psychological Science, Vol. 21, No. 4, pp 499-504, April, 2010.

10. Encourage them to contribute unique ideas only they can bring (Runco, 2010)

Runco, Mark (2010). Cited in The Creativity Crisis: Forget Brainstorming, Newsweek, July 19, 2010.

11. Start by having them do something ordinary in an unusual order (Ritter, 2012)

Ritter, Simone (2012). Creativity: the role of unconscious processes in Idea Generation and Idea Selection. Thinking Skills and Creativity, v7, n1, Pgs 21-27, April, 2012.

12. Challenge them to write as many ideas as possible in a very short time (Rock, 2009)

Rock, David (2009). Your Brain at Work: Strategies for overcoming distraction, regaining focus and working smarter all day long, pp. 145-147. New York, NY, 2009.

13. Alternate nominal and interactive periods of brainstorming on the same project (Kochery, 2003) (Wellner, 2003)

Kochery, Timothy (2003). IGP brainstorming: Investigating a methodology that accommodates to personal characteristics in idea-generating groups. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Minnesota, 2003). Digital Dissertations, DAI-A 64/01, p. 117, July 2003.

Wellner, Alison Stein (2003). A Perfect Brainstorm. Inc., October 2003, Vol. 25, Issue 10, p. 31.

14. Break problem-solving into stages (Coskun, 1996) (Brophy, 1995)

Coskun, Hamit (2000). The effects of out-group comparison, social context intrinsic motivation, and collective identity in brainstorming groups. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Texas at Arlington, 2000). Digital Dissertations, DAI-B 61/07, P. 3898, January 2001.

15. Suggest they imagine objects as component parts, like wax and string instead of candles (McCaffrey, 2012)

McCaffrey, Tony (2012). Innovation Relies on the Obscure: A Key to Overcoming the Classic Problem of Functional Fixedness. Psychological Science, March 2012, Vol 23, No. 3 215-218.

16. Share the task (Campbell, 2001)

Campbell, Susan (2001). The influence of group communication on open-ended problem solving among undergraduate engineering students. (Doctoral dissertation, Pennsylvania State University, 2001). Digital Dissertations, DAI-! 62/12 p. 4083, June 2002.

17. Hand out surprise rewards (Rock, 2009)

Rock, David (2009). Your Brain at Work: Strategies for overcoming distraction, regaining focus and working smarter all day long, pp. 145-147. New York, NY, 2009.

18. Ask them to solve creative problems for someone else (Polman, 2011)

Polman, Evan (2011). Can I Help You? Solving a problem is easier when it belongs to someone else. Scientific American Mind, July/August 2011.

19. Tell them they are solving problems for a distant client (Jia, Karpen & Hirt, 2009)

Jia, Lile, Hirt, E. R., & Karpen, S.C. (2009). Lessons From a Faraway Land: the effect of spatial distance on creative cognition, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 45, pg 1127-131, (2009)

20. Get them to imagine they are solving problems in the future (Liberman & Trope, 2008)

Liberman, Nira & Trope, Y. (2008). The Psychology of Transcending the Here and Now. Science, Vol. 322, pp 527-534, 2008.

21. Give a brief time for reflection or incubation (Porterfield, 2000) (Glausiusz 2009) (Dijksterhuis, 2004)

Porterfield, Robyn (2000). The effects of incubation and attention on brainstorming productivity. (Masters thesis, University of Texas at Arlington, 2000.) Digital Dissertations, MAI 39/03, p. 942, June 2001.

Glausiusz, Josie (2009). Devoted to distraction. Psychology Today, March April 2009.

Dijksterhuis, Ap (2004). Think Different: The Merits of Unconscious Thought in Preference Development and Decision Making, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, No. 5 (2004): 586-98.

22. Show them a diagram of a problem, and highlight the areas that will stimulate unexpected answers (Grant & Spivey, 2003)

Grant , Elizabeth R. & Spivey, Michael. Eye Movements and Problem Solving: Guiding Attention Guides Thought, Psychological Science, Vol 14, No.5, September 2003) pp 462-466 .

23. Lead them through visualization (Fitzgerald, 1996)

Fitzgerald, Livia (1996). Visualization and brainstorming: An exploration. (Doctoral dissertation, Wayne State University, 1996). Digital Dissertations, DAI-A 57/12, p. 5118, June 1997.

24. Give them more stimuli (Dugosh, 2001)

Dugosh, Karen Leggett (2001). Social comparison and cognitive stimulation in brainstorming. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Texas at Arlington, 2001). Digital Dissertations, DAI-B 62/03, p. 1641, September 2001.

25. Give them more disparate stimuli (Santanen, 2002)

Santanen, Eric (2002). Directed brainstorming and the Cognitive Network Model of Creativity: An empirical investigation of cognitive factors related to the formation of creative solutions using an electronic brainstorming environment. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Arizona, 2002). Digital Dissertations, DAI-A 63/01, p. 11, July 2002.

26. Show Apple logos (Fitzsimons, Chartrand & Fitzsimons, 2008)

Fitzsimons, Grainne M., Chartrand, Tanya L., & Fitzsimons, Gavan (2008). Automatic Effects of Brand Exposure on Motivated Behavior: How Apple makes you “think different”, Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 35, pp 21- 33, June, 2008.

27. Shift their assumptions (Barlow, 1990)

Barlow, Christopher (1990). Successful interdisciplinary ad hoc creative teams. (Doctoral dissertation, Case Western Reserve University, 1990). Digital Dissertations, DAI-B 51/03, p. 1530, September 1990.

28. Get them to think about love, but not sex (Forster, 2009).

Forster, Jens, Epstude, Kai & Ozelsel, Amina (2009). Why Love Has Wings and Sex Has Not: How reminders of love and sex influence creative and analytical thinking. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Vol. 35, No. 11 1479-1491 (2009).

29. Challenge them to paint, build or sing (Wujec, 1995) and act silly (Webber, 2009)

Wujec, Tom (1995). Five Star Mind: Games & Puzzles to Stimulate Your Creativity & Imagination. Toronto, Ontario: Doubleday Canada.

Webber, Rebecca. The wholesome guide to misbehaving. Psychology Today, September/October, 2009. pp 80-85.

30. Use metaphors (Magee, 1998)

Magee, Patrick T. (1998). Brain Dancing. Belleview, Washington: BrainDance.com Inc.

31. Allow some debate (Nemeth, Personnaz, Personnaz & Goncalo, 2004) (Nemeth & Feinberg, 2008)

Nemeth, Charlan, Personnaz, Bernard, Personnaz, Marie & Goncalo, Jack (2004). The liberating role of conflict in group creativity: A study in two countries. European Journal of Social Psychology, July/August, 2004, Vol. 34, Issue 4, p. 365.

Nemeth, Charlan J. & Feinberg, Matthew, (2008). The Rules of Brainstorming an Impediment to Creativity?, Working Paper Series, Institute for Research on Labor and Employment, U.C. Berkeley, July 28, 2008.

32. Take a break within the session (Mitchell, 1998). Do a totally unrelated activity (Ellwood, et al., 2009) (Dijksterhuis, 2006))

Mitchell, Karie Ann Colacicco (1998). (Masters thesis, University of Texas at Arlington, 1998). Digital Dissertations, MAI 36/06, p. 1694, December 1998.

Ellwood, Sophie, Pallier, Gerry, Snyder, Allan & Gallate, Jason, (2009). The Incubation Effect: Hatching a Solution? Creativity Research Journal,, vol 21, pg 6-14, Jan 1, 2009.

Dijksterhuis, Ap (2004). Think Different: The Merits of Unconscious Thought in Preference Development and Decision Making, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, No. 5 (2004): 586-98.

33. Compare them with other groups (Coskun, 2000)

34. Let them know that their ideas will be used (White, 2002)(Rhodes & Eisenberger, 2002)

White, Shira P. (2002). New Ideas About New Ideas: Insights on Creativity from the World’s Leading Innovators. Cambridge, Mass.: Perseus Publishing.

Rhodes, Linda & Eisenberger, Robert (2002). Perceived Organizational Support: A Review of the Literature, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol 87(4), Aug 2002, pp 698-714.

35. Reinforce their own feelings of being a creative team (Lakhani & Wolf, 2003)

Lakhani, Karim & Wolf, Robert G. (2003). Why Hackers Do What They Do: Understanding Motivation in Free/Open Source Software Projects, MIT Sloan Working Paper No. 4425-03, September 2003.

36. Ask them to describe their own motivations and feelings when they are creative. (Greer & Levine, 1991)

Greer, Martin & Levine, Elrine (1991). Enhancing Creative Performance in College Students, The Journal of Creative Behavior, Vol. 25, No. 3, September 1991, pp 250-255.

37. Tell them a story about creativity (Lawrence, 2006) (Minkel, 2008)

Lawrence, Lynda (2006). The power of storytelling in idea generation. (Masters thesis, Pepperdine University, MSOD, 2006).

Minkel, J.R. (2008). The Roots of Creativity: Improvising a jazz tune puts the brain in an altered state, Scientific American Mind, p 8, June/July, 2008.

All of us who negotiate – and that really is all of us – would benefit from reading Inventive Negotiation. In clear prose and with wonderful examples, the authors explain the theory and practice of negotiation and how to foster long-term relationships. Every page is filled with insights that can benefit everyone, including even the most experienced negotiators.

Erwin Chemerinsky
– Dean, School of Law, UCI

A unique use of new findings on facial expressions and emotion in improving negotiations processes.

Paul Ekman
– Professor Emeritus of Psychology, UCSF author of Emotions Revealed and Telling